Winning Novels About Failure Victory By Joseph Conrad (1915) This category is, of necessity, a crowded one. Novelists are drawn to failure. Those who prosper, or expect to prosper, in the world as it is have no need to re-imagine it. The measure of failure for Joseph Conrad's characters is usually the seaman's code, an expectation of honor, camaraderie and courage that proves to be beyond them. In "Victory" the failure is of another sort. Axel Heyst lets no one down. "No decent feeling was ever scorned by Heyst." But the connections he makes are remote and ironic. Keeping himself at a safe distance from life works until he rescues a young woman from humiliation and is forced into an intimacy entirely alien to his nature. What follows, as he stumbles against the trust that love requires, is the saddest story. The victory of the title is the woman's. She dies for him in an exaltation of romantic love from which his fastidious temperament recoils. Her victory is his failure. Joseph Roth Rebellion By Joseph Roth (1924) Joseph Roth's third novel is short and deadly. Andreas Pum is a leftover from the Great War. He has lost a leg but has been given a medal and is content with things as they are—a just God and a great and all-powerful Fatherland. He looks forward to this essential rightness of things working in his favor: a prosthesis so good that you wouldn't ever know he'd lost a leg; and a protected future as "an attendant in a shady park or a cool museum." None of this does he achieve. Instead, humiliation is heaped upon humiliation. He ends his days assisting in the toilet of a café, railing against the world, against authority, against God. True, rebellion is better than quiescence, but this rebellion is of the bitterly futile. Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter By Mario Vargas Llosa (1977) 'Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter" is a novel on a thousand errands, not the least of them a sort of spoofing of magic realism while reveling in its conventions. There is so much comic gusto in the spiraling decline of Pedro Camacho, a phenomenally successful writer of radio soap operas, that it is hard to remember that what we're watching is Camacho's mind "falling to pieces." The joy of the story lies in its brilliant confusion of Camacho's scripts, as overproduction (10 serials a day) leads him to forget which characters belong in which soap opera and each spills uncontrollably into the other. Camacho's hospitalization no more distresses us than his final demotion to the job of hack reporter. Call it callousness, but comic failure, too, must have its place. Especially when, in the telling, it has felt so much like creative success. Karoo By Steve Tesich (1998) A neglected masterpiece, to be explained, perhaps, by its author's tragic death—of a heart attack at age 53—only months after the novel's completion. By page 100 you begin to wonder whether you will make it through to the end alive yourself, so relentlessly is the dissolution of its hero charted. A man "addicted to himself," an alcoholic who claims he can't get drunk—though you wouldn't ever call him sober—a neglectful father, a bad husband, a poor lover, but a good script-doctor, Saul Karoo can no longer find a single reason to resist the attentions, the blandishments and the job offers of people he detests. "The great So What of the soul speaks within me and urges me to accept." What ensues is hard to bear, but so alive is the writing that we follow the ruined Karoo willingly into hell. Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa i Sabbath's Theater By Philip Roth (1995) This is the last of Philip Roth's great hero-as-anathema novels (Mickey Sabbath himself being his most inordinate creation ever) before Roth turned to re-imagining his history through America's. Ask how such exhilaration can be found in a life in which so much has gone wrong and you touch on Roth's genius. This is Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel rolled inside "King Lear" and told Jewishly, a spit in the eye of conventional decency, a luxuriating in obscenity for its own sake but also with the intention of getting us to consider the role that the erotic plays in the sacred. Existing in the world as "antagonistically as he liked" is Sabbath's alternative to collapse, and in his final refusal of death's easy consolations—"How could he leave? How could he go? Everything he hated was here"—he blows the very idea of a failed life clean out of the water. —Mr. Jacobson's most recent novel, "The Finkler Question," won this year's Man Booker Prize.